- \section{Problem: Decline of local newspapers and higher risk of local corruption}
- \begin{frame}
- \frametitle{\large Problem: Decline of Local Newspapers and Higher Risk of Local Corruption}
- \smallskip
- \begin{itemize}
- \item ``\textcolor{red}{\textbf{News deserts}}''\\ : community that is no longer covered by daily or non-daily newspapers
- %communities with limited or no access to the credible and comprehensive news that feeds democracy at the grassroots levels
- \begin{itemize}
- \smallskip
- \smallskip
- \item \footnotesize About \textbf{7 percent} of the nation’s counties (211), now have no local newspaper.
- \smallskip
- \item Communities that have lost news papers do not get a print or digital replacement, leaving \textbf{70 million residents} living in news deserts
- \smallskip
- \item \textbf{One-third} of local newspapers will be out of business by 2025 due to \textbf{financial difficulty}
- \end{itemize}
- \begin{figure}
- \centering
- \includegraphics[width=0.44\textwidth]{1}
- \caption{\scriptsize Source: Northwestern University Medill local news initiative}
- \end{figure}
- \end{frame}
- \end{itemize}
- \end{frame}
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- \begin{frame}
- \frametitle{\large Problem: Decline of Local Newspapers and Higher Risk of Local Corruption}
- %\item \textbf{Decline of Local Newspapers in the US}
- \smallskip
- \begin{itemize}
- \item ``\textbf{News deserts, Deterrent effect, higher risk of local corruption}''\\: \footnotesize Although large papers (e.g., NYT and WP) get the most attention for investigate reporting in the US, most \textcolor{red}{\textbf{local corruption}} happens under the radar of local news outlets $\rightarrow$ communities lose a vital anti-corruption watchdog
- \begin{itemize}
- \smallskip
- \smallskip
- \item \footnotesize (Public finance) increase municipal borrowing costs by 5-11 basis points, costing the municipality an additional 650,000 USD per issue, indicating local newspaper keeps municipal borrowing costs low and saving local taxpayers money (Gao et al 2018).
- \smallskip
- \smallskip
- \item \footnotesize (Corporate misconduct) increase corporate misconduct, such as violations by 1.1\% and penalties by 15.2\%, indicating that the closures reduce corporate monitoring (Heese et al 2022)
- \smallskip
- \smallskip
- \item \footnotesize (Public service) newspaper campaign to reduce the capture of public funds successfully reduces the capture of education grant programs by local politicians and increases primary school enrollment (Reinkka and Svensson 2005).
- \smallskip
- \smallskip
- \item (Decline of civic engagement) civic engagement is significantly declined in cities following major local newspaper closures (Shaker 2014; Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido 2013; Kubler and Goodman 2018)
- \end{itemize}
- \end{frame}
- \end{itemize}
- \end{frame}
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- \begin{frame}
- \frametitle{\large Problem: Decline of Local Newspapers and Higher Risk of Local Corruption}
- %\item \textbf{Decline of Local Newspapers in the US}
- \begin{columns}[T] % align columns
- \begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
- \color{black}\rule{\linewidth}{4pt}
- Selecting ``Louisiana'' for intervention
- \begin{itemize}
- %\item \footnotesize \textcolor{red}{These are just random thoughts since I'd like to target some specific regions and populations. Please share your ideas so that Lanie and I could articulate our intervention}
- %\smallskip
- \bigskip
- \item \footnotesize (1) \textbf{Highest level of corruption convictions} by local politicians (except DC) $\rightarrow$ role of local newspapers is crucial as a watchdog for corruption
- \bigskip
- \item (2) \textbf{Decline of local newspapers} in Louisiana: two counties without a newspaper and 39 counties with a single newspaper (due to \textbf{financial difficulty})
- \smallskip
- \item (3) Empower local newspapers with financial aid to fight against the local corruption
- \end{itemize}
- \end{column}%
- \hfill%
- \begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
- %\color{black}\rule{\linewidth}{4pt}
- \begin{figure}
- \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{3}
- \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{4}
- \end{figure}
- \end{column}%
- \end{columns}
- \end{frame}
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- \section{Mechanisms: Empowering Local Newspapers and Reducing Local Corruption}
- \begin{frame}
- \frametitle{\large Mechanisms: Empowering Local Newspapers and Reducing Local Corruption}
- %\item \textbf{Decline of Local Newspapers in the US}
- \begin{figure}
- \centering
- \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{2}
- \caption{Potential causal mechanisms identified by previous literature on media and democratic accountability}
- \end{figure}
- \end{frame}
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
- \begin{frame}
- \frametitle{\large Mechanisms: Empowering Local Newspapers and Reducing Local Corruption}
- %\item \textbf{Decline of Local Newspapers in the US}
- \smallskip
- \begin{itemize}
- \item \textbf{Voters / Information Mechanism}
- \begin{itemize}
- \item \footnotesize Local newspapers $\rightarrow$ information$\rightarrow$ electoral punishment
- \smallskip
- \item \footnotesize Local newspapers are key providers of political information \tiny{(Snyder and Stromberg 2010)}
- \item \footnotesize Public access to information is powerful deterrent of local capture \tiny(Reinikka and Svensson 2004)
- \item \footnotesize Information enables voters to (a) identify and punish corrupted politicians or (b) reward politicians with their contributions to local politics
- \item \footnotesize Previous evidence for the media effects on voter responsiveness to punish the corrupted politicians in Brazil (Ferraz and Finan 2008), Mexico (Larreguy et al. 2014), and India (Banerjee et al. 2011)
- \end{itemize}
- \smallskip
- \item \textbf{Local Politicians / External Control Mechanism}
- \begin{itemize}
- \item \footnotesize External controls for corruption $\rightarrow$ shape/change incentives of local politicians
- \smallskip
- \item Local newspapers provide a powerful external control on undemocratic behavior of rent seeking \tiny(Brunetti and Weder 2003; Giglioli 1996)
- \item \footnotesize Local newspapers help (a) \textbf{prosecutorial institutions} by investigating incidences of corruption (Stapenhurst 2000) and (b) \textbf{monitor corruption} by discouraging bureaucrats from engaging in corruption given their risk of being caught (Suphachalasai 2005)
- \end{itemize}
- \end{frame}
- \end{itemize}
- \end{frame}
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